PTK2

PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2

PDB rendering based on 1k04.
Identifiers
Symbols PTK2; FADK; FAK; FAK1; FRNK; pp125FAK
External IDs OMIM: 600758 MGI: 95481 HomoloGene: 7314 GeneCards: PTK2 Gene
EC number 2.7.10.2
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 5747 14083
Ensembl ENSG00000169398 ENSMUSG00000022607
UniProt Q05397 Q9DAW3
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001199649.1 NM_007982
RefSeq (protein) NP_001186578.1 NP_032008
Location (UCSC) Chr 8:
141.67 – 142.01 Mb		 Chr 15:
73.04 – 73.25 Mb
PubMed search [1] [2]

PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2), also known as Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTK2 gene.[1] PTK2 is a focal adhesion-associated protein kinase involved in cellular adhesion (how cells stick to each other and their surroundings) and spreading processes (how cells move around).[2] It has been shown that when FAK was blocked, breast cancer cells became less metastastic due to decreased mobility.[3]

Contents

Function

This gene encodes a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is found concentrated in the focal adhesions that form among cells attaching to extracellular matrix constituents. The encoded protein is a member of the FAK subfamily of protein tyrosine kinases that included PYK2 but lacks significant sequence similarity to kinases from other subfamilies. With the exception of certain types of blood cells, most cells express FAK. FAK tyrosine kinase activity can be activated, which plays a key important early step in cell migration. FAK activity elicits intracellular signal transduction pathways that promote the turn-over of cell contacts with the extracellular matrix, promoting cell migration. FAK is required during development, with loss of FAK resulting in lethality. It seems to be a paradox that FAK is not absolutely required for cell migration, and may play other roles in the cell, including the regulation of the tumor suppressor p53. At least four transcript variants encoding four different isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length natures of only two of them have been determined.[4]

FAK is a protein of 125 kD recruited as a participant in focal adhesion dynamics between cells, and has a role in motility and cell survival. FAK is a highly conserved, non-receptor tyrosine kinase originally identified as a substrate for the oncogene protein tyrosine kinase v-src.[5] This cytosolic kinase has been implicated in diverse cellular roles including cell locomotion, mitogen response and cell survival. FAK is typically located at structures known as focal adhesions, these are multi-protein structures that link the extracellular matrix (ECM) to the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton. Additional components of focal adhesions include actin, filamin, vinculin, talin, paxillin and tensin.[6]

Regulation

FAK is phosphorylated in response to integrin engagement, growth factor stimulation, and the action of mitogenic neuropeptides.[7][8] Integrin receptors are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that cluster upon ECM engagement leading to FAK phosphorylation and recruitment to focal adhesions.[9][10]

Structure

Focal adhesion kinase has a number of defined regions.

C-terminus

A carboxy-terminal region of one hundred and fifty-nine amino acids, the focal adhesion targeting domain (FAT), has been shown to be responsible for targeting FAK to focal adhesions.[11] Paxillin, a focal adhesion adaptor protein binds to FAK at a carboxy-terminal domain that overlaps the FAT domain.[12]

N-terminus

The function of the amino-terminal domain is less clear, but it has been shown to interact with the beta-1 integrin subunit in vitro and is thought to be involved in the transduction of signals from ECM-integrin clusters.[13] However, a recent study has called into question the importance of this interaction and suggested that interaction with the cytoplasmic region of the beta-3 integrin subunit is important.[14]

The amino-terminal domains of FAK share a significant sequence similarity with the band 4.1 domain first identified in erythrocytes. This 4.1 band domain binds to the cytoplasmic region of transmembrane proteins including glycophorin C, actin and spectrin.[15] This suggests that the amino-terminal region of FAK may have a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton, the exact nature of this role has not been clarified as yet.

Catalytic/Regulatory Domain

Between the amino and the carboxy regions lies the catalytic domain. Phosphorylation of the activation loop within this kinase domain is important for the kinase activity of FAK.[16]

Interactions

PTK2 has been shown to interact with TSC2,[17] NCK1,[18][19] Janus kinase 2,[20][21] TLN1,[22][23] TGFB1I1,[24][25][26] BCAR1,[27][28][29][30][31][32] Deleted in Colorectal Cancer,[33] PIK3R1,[34] NEDD9,[35] Paxillin,[23][24][32][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] CRK,[28][43] Integrin, beta 5,[44] GIT1,[45][46][47] CD61,[44][48] STAT1,[49] PTEN,[50][51] Src,[28][43][52][53][54][55] BMX,[56] Grb2,[29][43][54][57][58] GRB7,[59] RB1CC1,[60] Syk,[48][61] FYN,[54][62] NEO1,[33] P53,[63] MAPK8IP3,[64] IRS1[55] and NCK2.[19]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Blackshaw, S. E.; Dow, J. Kamal; Lackie, J. M. (1999). The dictionary of cell and molecular biology (3rd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-432565-3. 
  3. ^ Physorg:When cancer cells can't let go
  4. ^ "Entrez Gene: PTK2 PTK2 protein tyrosine kinase 2". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5747. 
  5. ^ Guan JL, Shalloway D (August 1992). "Regulation of focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase by both cellular adhesion and oncogenic transformation". Nature 358 (6388): 690–2. doi:10.1038/358690a0. PMID 1379699. 
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  7. ^ Abedi H, Zachary I (June 1997). "Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new focal adhesions of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin in endothelial cells". The Journal of biological chemistry 272 (24): 15442–51. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.24.15442. PMID 9182576. 
  8. ^ Zachary I, Rozengurt E (December 1992). "Focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK): a point of convergence in the action of neuropeptides, integrins, and oncogenes". Cell 71 (6): 891–4. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90385-P. PMID 1458538. 
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External links

Further reading

  • Iwata S, Ohashi Y, Kamiguchi K, Morimoto C (2000). "Beta 1-integrin-mediated cell signaling in T lymphocytes". J. Dermatol. Sci. 23 (2): 75–86. doi:10.1016/S0923-1811(99)00096-1. PMID 10808124. 
  • Schaller MD (2001). "Biochemical signals and biological responses elicited by the focal adhesion kinase". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1540 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00123-9. PMID 11476890. 
  • Panetti TS (2002). "Tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin, FAK, and p130CAS: effects on cell spreading and migration". Front. Biosci. 7: d143–50. doi:10.2741/panetti. PMID 11779709. 
  • Hauck CR, Hsia DA, Schlaepfer DD (2003). "The focal adhesion kinase--a regulator of cell migration and invasion". IUBMB Life 53 (2): 115–9. doi:10.1080/15216540211470. PMID 12049193. 
  • Hanks SK, Ryzhova L, Shin NY, Brábek J (2004). "Focal adhesion kinase signaling activities and their implications in the control of cell survival and motility". Front. Biosci. 8: d982–96. doi:10.2741/1114. PMID 12700132. 
  • Gabarra-Niecko V, Schaller MD, Dunty JM (2004). "FAK regulates biological processes important for the pathogenesis of cancer". Cancer Metastasis Rev. 22 (4): 359–74. doi:10.1023/A:1023725029589. PMID 12884911.